Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a sporadic, progressive, adult-onset degenerative disease that presents with a combination of parkinsonism, cerebellar and autonomic dysfunction. Its diagnosis is challenging and delayed diagnosis is common making early, targeted intervention all the more critical.
Understanding MSA
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a sporadic, progressive, adult-onset, degenerative disease that presents with a combination of parkinsonism, cerebellar and autonomic dysfunction. MSA is a synucleinopathy, characterised by α-synuclein-positive oligodendrocytic glial cytoplasmic inclusions, also known as Papp-Lantos bodies. The diagnosis of this disease is challenging and its delayed diagnosis is common.
Clinical Variants of MSA
Clinically, the condition is categorised into MSA-parkinsonian variant (MSA-P) and MSA-cerebellar variant (MSA-C), based on the predominant motor phenotype. MSA-P is associated with striatonigral degeneration pathology and MSA-C with olivopontocerebellar atrophy, although most patients have mixed clinical and pathological features.
MSC Clinical Trial Findings
In a phase I/II study, Singer et al. explored the intrathecal administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a therapeutic approach to MSA. Twenty-four patients received treatment with no attributable serious adverse events, and injections were generally well-tolerated. The observed clinical effect was associated with a marked rise in neurotrophic factors in the spinal fluid, documented to be present for at least 4 weeks following MSC administration.
MSCs as Disease Modifiers
The neurotrophic factor response was dose-dependent and convincingly seen in the medium- and high-dose tiers. There is increasingly convincing evidence based on preclinical studies and clinical trials that MSCs have an intriguing potential of modifying the disease course of MSA, offering a meaningful pathway toward slowing progression and improving patient outcomes.
MSA treatment stem cell therapy is a regenerative approach that uses mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to support nerve health and potentially slow the progression of multiple system atrophy.
MSA treatment stem cell therapy uses regenerative cells that release anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and tissue-supporting factors. These cells may help protect nerve cells, regulate inflammation, and create a healthier environment for damaged neurological tissue. While stem cells do not replace lost brain cells, they may support overall neurological function and quality of life.
No. MSA treatment stem cell therapy is not a cure for multiple system atrophy. It is considered an investigational regenerative approach that aims to support the body's natural repair mechanisms. Research suggests stem cell therapy may help slow disease progression, reduce inflammation, and improve certain symptoms in some patients, but more clinical studies are needed to confirm its long-term effectiveness.
MSA treatment stem cell therapy may be considered for patients with early or progressive multiple system atrophy seeking supportive regenerative care under medical supervision.
Several types of stem cells are being studied for multiple system atrophy, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and neural stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells are the most commonly researched because they possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties that may help protect nerve tissue and support neurological health.
Early clinical research suggests that stem cell therapy may help slow neurological deterioration in some people with multiple system atrophy. While results are encouraging, stem cell therapy remains investigational, and its effectiveness can vary depending on the patient's condition, disease stage, and overall health.
Although individual results vary, some patients receiving investigational stem cell therapy have reported improvements in energy levels, mobility, balance, muscle stiffness, mood, and daily functioning. Stem cell therapy is intended to support symptom management rather than reverse or cure multiple system atrophy.
Clinical studies have generally found mesenchymal stem cell therapy to be well tolerated when performed under appropriate medical supervision. As with any medical procedure, potential risks and side effects exist, making a comprehensive medical evaluation essential before treatment.
Patients diagnosed with multiple system atrophy who have been evaluated by a qualified regenerative medicine physician may be considered for stem cell therapy. Eligibility depends on factors such as disease progression, medical history, overall health, and treatment goals.
Current research indicates that mesenchymal stem cells may provide neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory benefits that could help support neurological function in people with multiple system atrophy. Several clinical studies continue to investigate optimal dosing, treatment protocols, long-term safety, and effectiveness before stem cell therapy can become a standard treatment.
Referencias
Esclerosis lateral amiotrófica
References
Masrori, P., y Van Damme, P. (2020). Esclerosis lateral amiotrófica: una revisión clínica. Revista Europea de Neurología: Revista Oficial de la Federación Europea de Sociedades Neurológicas, 27(10), 1918-1929. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14393
Sivandzade, F. y Cucullo, L. (2021). Terapia regenerativa con células madre para enfermedades neurodegenerativas: una descripción general. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Moleculares, 22(4), 2153. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042153
Autismo
Referencias
Hodges, H., Fealko, C. y Soares, N. (2020b). Trastorno del espectro autista: definición, epidemiología, causas y evaluación clínica. Pediatría Traslacional, 9(S1), S55–S65. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2019.09.09
Shen, Z., Huang, W., Liu, J., Tian, J., Wang, S. y Rui, K. (2021c). Efectos de los exosomas derivados de células madre mesenquimales en enfermedades autoinmunes. Frontiers in Immunology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.749192
Artritis reumatoide
Referencias
Scherer, H., Häupl, T. y Burmester, G. R. (2020). La etiología de la artritis reumatoide. Journal of Autoimmunity, 110, 102400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102400
Sarsenova, M., Issabekova, A. S., Abisheva, S. D., Rutskaya-Moroshan, K., Ogay, V. y Saparov, A. (2021). Terapia basada en células madre mesenquimales para la artritis reumatoide. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Moleculares, 22(21), 11592. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111592
Lupus eritematoso sistémico
Referencias
Fava, A., y Petri, M. (2019). Lupus eritematoso sistémico: diagnóstico y tratamiento clínico. Journal of Autoimmunity, 96, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2018.11.001
Li, A., Guo, F., Pan, Q., Chen, S., Chen, J. y Liu, H. (2021). Terapia con células madre mesenquimales: esperanza para pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico. Frontiers in Immunology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.728190
Esclerosis múltiple
Referencias
Dobson, R. y Giovannoni, G. (2019). Esclerosis múltiple: una revisión. Revista Europea de Neurología: Revista Oficial de la Federación Europea de Sociedades Neurológicas, 26(1), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.13819
Jafarzadeh Bejargafshe, M., Hedayati, M., Zahabiasli, S., Tahmasbpour, E., Rahmanzadeh, S. y Nejad-Moghaddam, A. (2019). Seguridad y eficacia de la terapia con células madre para el tratamiento del daño neuronal en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple. Stem Cell Investigation, 6, 44. https://doi.org/10.21037/sci.2019.10.06
Masrori, P. y Van Damme, P. (2020). Esclerosis lateral amiotrófica: una revisión clínica. Revista Europea de Neurología, 27(10), 1918-1929. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14393
Sivandzade, F. y Cucullo, L. (2021). Terapia regenerativa con células madre para enfermedades neurodegenerativas: Panorama general. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Moleculares, 22(4), 2153. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042153
EII Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal
Referencias
Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII). (2023b, 17 de abril). Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades. https://www.cdc.gov/ibd/
Ko, J. Z., Johnson, S. y Dave, M. (2021c). Eficacia y seguridad de la terapia con células madre mesenquimales/estromales para enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales: Una revisión sistemática actualizada. Biomolecules, 11(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11010082
vasculitis sistémica
References
Shen, Z., Huang, W., Liu, J., Tian, J., Wang, S. y Rui, K. (2021e). Efectos de los exosomas derivados de células madre mesenquimales en enfermedades autoinmunes. Frontiers in Immunology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.749192
Liu, Y., Yan, L. M., Wan, L., Xiang, T. X., Le, A., Liu, J. M., … y Zhang, W. (2020). Dinámica viral en casos leves y graves de COVID-19. Cell & Bioscience, 10(1), 1-7. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41419-020-2542-9
Angina/Coronary Heart Disease
References
Centro Nacional de Información Biotecnológica. (2016). Arsénico en el agua potable y enfermedades cardiovasculares. Perspectivas de Salud Ambiental, 124(6), A106-A107. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4958723/
Mejora de la funcionalidad y la eficacia terapéutica de la terapia celular con células madre mesenquimales para enfermedades cardiovasculares Yun & Lee
Yun, C. W., y Lee, S. Y. (2019). Mejora de la funcionalidad y la eficacia terapéutica de la terapia basada en células utilizando células madre mesenquimales para la enfermedad cardiovascular. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Moleculares, 20(4), 982. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040982
Xiong, Y., Gong, Z., Tang, R. y Yang, Y. (2021). El papel fundamental de los exosomas derivados de células inmunes endógenas y células madre exógenas en la reparación del miocardio después de un infarto agudo de miocardio. Theranostics, 11(3), 1046–1058. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.53326
Cushing, K., y Higgins, P. D. R. (2021). Manejo de la enfermedad de Crohn: una revisión: Una revisión. JAMA: Revista de la Asociación Médica Estadounidense, 325(1), 69-80.https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.18936
Wang, R., Yao, Q., Chen, W., Gao, F., Li, P., Wu, J., Yu, J. y Cao, H. (2021). Terapia con células madre para la enfermedad de Crohn: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de estudios preclínicos y clínicos. Investigación y terapia con células madre, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-021-02533-0
Ulcerative Colitis
References
Gajendran, M., Loganathan, P., Jimenez, G., Catinella, A. P., Ng, N., Umapathy, C., Ziade, N. y Hashash, J. G. (2019). Una revisión exhaustiva y actualización sobre la colitis ulcerosa. Enfermedad al mes: DM, 65(12), 100851.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2019.02.004
Hosseini-Asl, S.-K., Mehrabani, D. y Karimi-Busheri, F. (2020). Efecto terapéutico de las células madre mesenquimales en la colitis ulcerosa: una revisión de logros y desafíos. Revista de Medicina Clínica, 9(12), 3922. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9123922
Afecciones neurológicas
References
Guy, R. y Offen, D. (2020). Oportunidades prometedoras para el tratamiento de enfermedades neurodegenerativas con exosomas derivados de células madre mesenquimales. Biomolecules, 10(9), 1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10091320
CDC. (5 de mayo de 2023). Acerca del accidente cerebrovascular. Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades. https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/about.htm
Barthels, D., y Das, H. (2020). Avances actuales en la investigación y las terapias del accidente cerebrovascular isquémico. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Bases moleculares de la enfermedad, 1866(4), 165260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.012
Campbell, B. C. V., De Silva, D. A., Macleod, M. R., Coutts, S. B., Schwamm, L. H., Davis, S. M., y Donnan, G. A. (2019). Accidente cerebrovascular isquémico. Nature Reviews. Disease Primers, 5(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0118-8
Kawabori, M., Shichinohe, H., Kuroda, S. y Houkin, K. (2020). Ensayos clínicos de terapia con células madre para el accidente cerebrovascular isquémico cerebral. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Moleculares, 21(19), 7380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197380
Parkinson’s
References
Pradhan, A. U., Uwishema, O., Onyeaka, H., Adanur, I. y Dost, B. (2022). Una revisión de la terapia con células madre: Un tratamiento emergente para la demencia en las enfermedades de Alzheimer y Parkinson. Cerebro y Comportamiento, 12(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2740
Multiple system atrophy (MSA)
References
Goh YY, Saunders E, Pavey S, Rushton E, Quinn N, Houlden H, Chelban V. Atrofia multisistémica. Pract Neurol. Junio de 2023;23(3):208-221. doi: 10.1136/pn-2020-002797. Publicación electrónica: 16 de marzo de 2023. PMID: 36927875.
Singer W, Dietz AB, Zeller AD, Gehrking TL, Schmelzer JD, Schmeichel AM, Gehrking JA, Suarez MD, Sletten DM, Minota Pacheco KV, Coon EA, Sandroni P, Benarroch EE, Fealey RD, Matsumoto JY, Bower JH, Hassan A, McKeon A, Windebank AJ, Mandrekar JN, Low PA. Administración intratecal de células madre mesenquimales autólogas en la atrofia multisistémica. Neurología. 2 de julio de 2019;93(1):e77-e87. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000007720. Publicación electrónica, 31 de mayo de 2019. PMID: 31152011; PMCID: PMC6659003.
Traumatic brain injury
References
Khellaf A, Khan DZ, Helmy A. Avances recientes en lesiones cerebrales traumáticas. J Neurol. Noviembre de 2019;266(11):2878-2889. doi: 10.1007/s00415-019-09541-4. Publicación electrónica, 28 de septiembre de 2019. PMID: 31563989; PMCID: PMC6803592.
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
References
Pierre K, Molina V, Shukla S, Avila A, Fong N, Nguyen J, Lucke-Wold B. Encefalopatía traumática crónica: Actualizaciones y avances diagnósticos. AIMS Neurosci. 19 de diciembre de 2022;9(4):519-535. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2022030. PMID: 36660076; PMCID: PMC9826753.
Spinal cord injury
References
Alizadeh, A., Dyck, S. M. y Karimi-Abdolrezaee, S. (2019). Lesión traumática de la médula espinal: una descripción general de la fisiopatología, los modelos y los mecanismos de lesión aguda. Fronteras en neurología, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00282
Cofano, F., Boido, M., Monticelli, M., Zenga, F., Ducati, A., Vercelli, A. y Garbossa, D. (2019). Células madre mesenquimales para la lesión de la médula espinal: opciones actuales, limitaciones y futuro de la terapia celular. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Moleculares, 20(11), 2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112698
Looi, Q. H., Eng, S. P., Liau, L. L., Tor, Y. S., Bajuri, M. Y., Ng, M. H., & Law, J. X. (2020). Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for sports injuries – from research to clinical practice. Sains malaysiana, 49(4), 825-838. https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4904-12
Arthritis & Osteoarthritis
References
Jang, S., Lee, K., & Ju, J. H. (2021). Recent updates of diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment on osteoarthritis of the knee. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052619
Xu, Y., Zhang, W.-X., Wang, L.-N., Ming, Y.-Q., Li, Y.-L., & Ni, G.-X. (2021). Stem cell therapies in tendon-bone healing. World Journal of Stem Cells, 13(7), 753-775. https://doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.753
References
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
References
Masrori, P., & Van Damme, P. (2020). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a clinical review. European Journal of Neurology: The Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies, 27(10), 1918-1929. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14393
Sivandzade, F., & Cucullo, L. (2021). Regenerative stem cell therapy for neurodegenerative diseases: An overview. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(4), 2153. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042153
Shen, Z., Huang, W., Liu, J., Tian, J., Wang, S., & Rui, K. (2021c). Effects of mesenchymal stem Cell-Derived exosomes on autoimmune diseases. Frontiers in Immunology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.749192
Rheumatoid arthritis
References
Scherer, H., Häupl, T., & Burmester, G. R. (2020). The etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Autoimmunity, 110, 102400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102400
Sarsenova, M., Issabekova, A. S., Abisheva, S. D., Rutskaya-Moroshan, K., Ogay, V., & Saparov, A. (2021). Mesenchymal stem Cell-Based therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(21), 11592. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111592
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
References
Fava, A., & Petri, M. (2019). Systemic lupus erythematosus: Diagnosis and clinical management. Journal of Autoimmunity, 96, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2018.11.001
Li, A., Guo, F., Pan, Q., Chen, S., Chen, J., & Liu, H. (2021). Mesenchymal stem cell therapy: hope for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Frontiers in Immunology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.728190
Multiple Sclerosis
References
Dobson, R., & Giovannoni, G. (2019). Multiple sclerosis – a review. European Journal of Neurology: The Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies, 26(1), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.13819
Jafarzadeh Bejargafshe, M., Hedayati, M., Zahabiasli, S., Tahmasbpour,E.,Rahmanzadeh,S., & Nejad-Moghaddam, A. (2019). Safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy for treatment of neural damage in patients with multiple sclerosis. Stem Cell Investigation, 6, 44. https://doi.org/10.21037/sci.2019.10.06
Masrori, P., & Van Damme, P. (2020). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a clinical review. European Journal of Neurology, 27(10), 1918–1929. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14393
Sivandzade, F., & Cucullo, L. (2021). Regenerative stem cell therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Overview. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(4), 2153. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042153
IBD Inflammatory bowel disease
References
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). (2023b, April 17). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ibd/
Ko, J. Z., Johnson, S., & Dave, M. (2021c). Efficacy and Safety of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal cell therapy for inflammatory bowel Diseases: An Up-to-Date Systematic Review. Biomolecules, 11(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11010082
Systemic vasculitis
References
Shen, Z., Huang, W., Liu, J., Tian, J., Wang, S., & Rui, K. (2021e). Effects of mesenchymal stem Cell-Derived exosomes on autoimmune diseases. Frontiers in Immunology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.749192
Liu, Y., Yan, L. M., Wan, L., Xiang, T. X., Le, A., Liu, J. M., … & Zhang, W. (2020). Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. Cell & Bioscience, 10(1), 1-7. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41419-020-2542-9
Angina/Coronary Heart Disease
References
National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2016). Drinking Water Arsenic and Cardiovascular Disease. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(6), A106-A107. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4958723/
Yun, C. W., & Lee, S. Y. (2019). Enhancement of functionality and therapeutic efficacy of Cell-Based therapy using mesenchymal stem cells for cardiovascular disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(4), 982. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040982
Xiong, Y., Gong, Z., Tang, R., & Yang, Y. (2021). The pivotal roles of exosomes derived from endogenous immune cells and exogenous stem cells in myocardial repair after acute myocardial infarction. Theranostics, 11(3), 1046–1058. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.53326
Cushing, K., & Higgins, P. D. R. (2021). Management of Crohn disease: A review: A review. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 325(1), 69-80. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.18936
Wang, R., Yao, Q., Chen, W., Gao, F., Li, P., Wu, J., Yu, J., & Cao, H. (2021). Stem cell therapy for Crohn’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical and clinical studies. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-021-02533-0
Ulcerative Colitis
References
Gajendran, M., Loganathan, P., Jimenez, G., Catinella, A. P., Ng, N., Umapathy, C., Ziade, N., & Hashash, J. G. (2019). A comprehensive review and update on ulcerative colitis. Disease-a-Month: DM, 65(12), 100851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2019.02.004
Hosseini-Asl, S.-K., Mehrabani, D., & Karimi-Busheri, F. (2020). Therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells in ulcerative colitis: A review on achievements and challenges. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(12), 3922. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9123922
Neurological conditions
References
Guy, R., & Offen, D. (2020). Promising opportunities for treating neurodegenerative diseases with mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes. Biomolecules, 10(9), 1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10091320
Barthels, D., & Das, H. (2020). Current advances in ischemic stroke research and therapies. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Molecular Basis of Disease, 1866(4), 165260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.012
Campbell, B. C. V., De Silva, D. A., Macleod, M. R., Coutts, S. B., Schwamm, L. H., Davis, S. M., & Donnan, G. A. (2019). Ischaemic stroke. Nature Reviews. Disease Primers, 5(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0118-8
Kawabori, M., Shichinohe, H., Kuroda, S., & Houkin, K. (2020). Clinical trials of stem cell therapy for cerebral ischemic stroke. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(19), 7380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197380
Parkinson’s
References
Pradhan, A. U., Uwishema, O., Onyeaka, H., Adanur, I., & Dost, B. (2022). A review of stem cell therapy: An emerging treatment for dementia in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Brain and Behavior, 12(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2740
Multiple system atrophy (MSA)
References
Goh YY, Saunders E, Pavey S, Rushton E, Quinn N, Houlden H, Chelban V. Multiple system atrophy. Pract Neurol. 2023 Jun;23(3):208-221. doi: 10.1136/pn-2020-002797. Epub 2023 Mar 16. PMID: 36927875.
Khellaf A, Khan DZ, Helmy A. Recent advances in traumatic brain injury. J Neurol. 2019 Nov;266(11):2878-2889. doi: 10.1007/s00415-019-09541-4. Epub 2019 Sep 28. PMID: 31563989; PMCID: PMC6803592.
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
References
Pierre K, Molina V, Shukla S, Avila A, Fong N, Nguyen J, Lucke-Wold B. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: Diagnostic updates and advances. AIMS Neurosci. 2022 Dec 19;9(4):519-535. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2022030. PMID: 36660076; PMCID: PMC9826753.
Spinal cord injury
References
Alizadeh, A., Dyck, S. M., & Karimi-Abdolrezaee, S. (2019). Traumatic spinal cord injury: An overview of pathophysiology, models and acute injury mechanisms. Frontiers in neurology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00282
Cofano, F., Boido, M., Monticelli, M., Zenga, F., Ducati, A., Vercelli, A., & Garbossa, D. (2019). Mesenchymal stem cells for spinal cord injury: Current options, limitations, and future of cell therapy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(11), 2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112698
Looi, Q. H., Eng, S. P., Liau, L. L., Tor, Y. S., Bajuri, M. Y., Ng, M. H., & Law, J. X. (2020). Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for sports injuries – from research to clinical practice. Sains malaysiana, 49(4), 825-838. https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4904-12
Arthritis & Osteoarthritis
References
Jang, S., Lee, K., & Ju, J. H. (2021). Recent updates of diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment on osteoarthritis of the knee. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052619
